Spina Bifida means “split spine”. It is a condition that affects the spine and the spinal cord of a child even while still in the womb, leaving the child with varying degrees of paralysis. Children with spina bifida may also experience other problems while growing up such as limited mobility, loss of bowel and bladder control, gastrointestinal disorders and learning disabilities, making it a challenge to continue with regular day-to-day functionality.

The most common indication in an infant is a dimple in their lower back but special tests are necessary to be sure. Other signs are red marks, hyper-pigmented patches, tufts of hair or small lumps on the back.

Although the type and level of severity differ among people with spina bifida and may require different treatments, it is possible for them to learn how to get around on their own without help, by using crutches, braces or wheelchairs. Family members, caregivers and medical personnel should be aware of a child’s capabilities but within the limits of safety and health. With guidance and support, it is possible for people with spina bifida to be independent, integrate into society and live full lives.

Can spina bifida can be detected before the birth?

Spina Bifida can often be detected before birth. Prenatal screening tests that can identify Spina Bifida include:

• Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (MSAFP) Test: This blood test measures the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the mother’s  blood. High levels of AFP can indicate neural tube defects like spina bifida.
• Ultrasound: Detailed ultrasound scans can visualise the spine of the fetus and detect abnormalities associated with SB.
• Amniocentesis: This test involves taking a sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. High levels of AFP in the amniotic fluid can indicate SB.

These tests are typically done during the second trimester of pregnancy. Early detection allows for better planning and management of the condition.

Types of Spina Bifida

• Spina Bifida Occulta: This is the mildest form, often referred to as “hidden” spina bifida. The spinal cord and the nerves are usually normal, and the defect is covered by skin. Many people with this form of SB do not know they have it because no symptoms or mild symptoms.
• Spina Bifida Occulta: This is the mildest form, often referred to as “hidden” spina bifida. The spinal cord and the nerves are usually normal, and the defect is covered by skin. Many people with this form of SB do not know they have it because no symptoms or mild symptoms.
• Myelomeningocele: This is the most severe form of SB. A portion of the spinal cord and nerves protrudes through an opening in the spine and is covered by a sac of fluid. This can lead to significant nerve damage and severe disabilities. It often results in physical and intellectual impairments.

Each type varies in severity and the level of impairment it can cause, with spina bifida occulta being the least severe and myelomeningocele being the most severe.

How is Spina Bifida treated

Treatment for Spina Bifida depends on the severity of the condition. Below are the ways in which Spina Bifida is treated before or shortly after birth.

• A child with Meningomyelocele usually is operated on within two to three days of birth. This prevents infections and helps save the spinal cord from more damage.
• A child with Meningocele usually is treated with surgery, and more often than not, the child is not paralyzed. Most children with this condition grow up without complications, but they should be checked by a doctor because they could have other serious problems, too.
• A child with OSD should see a surgeon. Most experts think that surgery is needed early to keep nerves and the brain from becoming more damaged as the child grows.
• Spina Bifida Occulta typically does not require treatment.

Prevention

Preventing Spina Bifida involves a combination of lifestyle  choices, nutritional supplementation, and medical care. Key prevention include:

• Folic acid supplementation: Women of childbearing age should take 400 micrograms (msg) of folic acid daily. This supplementation should start at least one month before conception and continue through the first trimester of pregnancy.
• Healthy Diet: Consuming a balanced diet rich in natural sources as leafy green vegetables, fruits, beans and fortified cereals can help reduce the risk.
• Medical consultation: Women planning to become pregnant should consult with their healthcare provider for personalised advice, especially if they have family history of neural tube defect or other risk factors.
• Avoiding Harmful Substances: Avoiding alcohol, drugs, and certain medications that can affect fetal development is crucial.
• Managing Medical Conditions: Proper management of conditions like diabetic, obesity is important, as they can increase the risk of birth defects, including SB.

By following these preventive measures, the risk of spina bifida can be reduced.